AI-driven transformation of traditional architectural Ottoman style into modern mosque designs

The use of AI art-generating platforms has recently become a trend in different disciplines, including the field of architecture. The relation AI has with architecture led to the idea of this paper to explore the intersection between these platforms with traditional Islamic architecture, specifically the Ottoman style. To achieve a proper evaluation, this paper discusses the use of 6 different platforms to generate 18 images using the text-to-image method and by employing 3 distinct prompts from different complexities to guide the generation process. Moreover, a comparative analysis conducted to evaluate the generated images using 2 criteria, the first assesses the Ottoman architectural elements that appeared in the images such as the domes, minarets, and arches. Then the second investigates the overall excellence of the figures considering factors such as realism, quality and resolution, overall details, and lastly the consistency with the given prompt. The results demonstrate that across all the 6 platforms, the more detailed the prompt is, the better the outcome. However, Midjourney was the only platform that was able to produce all three images consistently from the first prompt with all the required elements, and as the prompts got more detailed, the other platforms provided more accurate results.

Show more Show less

References:

Aayush. (2024). Runway AI: Review, Features & Guide. Elegant Themes. https://www.elegantthemes.com/blog/business/runway-ai-review

Activating humanity’s potential through generative AI. (2023). Stability.Ai. https://stability.ai/

Ahramovich, A. (2023). Artificial intelligence in architecture: 10 use cases and top technologies. Itransition. https://www.itransition.com/ai/architecture

Azza, N. (2023). What is Leonardo.AI? (A Detailed Guide). DIGITBin. https://www.digitbin.com/what-is-leonardo-ai/

Bagherzadeh, F., & Shafighfard, T. (2022). Ensemble Machine Learning approach for evaluating the material characterization of carbonnanotube-reinforced cementitious composites. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, e01537. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2022.E01537

Bölek, B., Tutal, O., & Özbaşaran, H. (2023). A systematic review on artificial intelligence applications in architecture. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 4(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.47818/drarch.2023.v4i1085

Chen, J., Shao, Z., & Hu, B. (2023a). Generating interior design from text: a new diffusion model-based method for efficient creative design. Buildings, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071861

Chen, J., Wang, D., Shao, Z., Zhang, X., Ruan, M., Li, H., & Li, J. (2023b). Using artificial intelligence to generate master-quality architectural designs from text descriptions. Buildings, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092285

Dreith, B. (2022). How AI Software Will Change Architecture and Design. Dezaan. https://www.dezeen.com/2022/11/16/ai-design-architecture-product/

Fiamma, P., Biagi, S., & Trento, A. (2025). Beyond Generative A.I. to Reduce the Gap Between Architecture and Its Techniques. In R. Corrao, T. Campisi, S. Colajanni, M. Saeli, C. Vinci (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Ar.Tec. (Scientific Society of Architectural Engineering) (pp. 353–366). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71867-0_24

Goodwin, G. (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson.

Greenan, R. (2023). Midjourney AI: The Complete Guide to the AI Art Generator. Careerfoundry. https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/ux-design/midjourney/

Ivashko, Y., Kuzmenko, T., Shuan, L., & Peng, C. (2020). The influence of the natural environment on the transformation of architectural style. Landscape Architecture and Art, 15(15), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.15.11

Jones, L. (2023). DreamStudio AI Review: A Beginner’s Guide to Generating AI Art. TopApps. https://topapps.ai/blog/dreamstudio-ai-review/

Kuban, D. (2010). Ottoman Architecture. ACC Art Books.

Liu, S., Li, Z., Teng, Y., & Dai, L. (2022). A dynamic simulation study on the sustainability of prefabricated buildings. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103551. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103551

Maksoud, A., Elshabshiri, A., Alzaabi, A. S. H. H., & Hussien, A. (2024). Integrating an Image-Generative Tool on Creative Design Brainstorming Process of a Safavid Mosque Architecture Conceptual Form. Buildings, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030843

Montjoy, V. (2023). What is the Future Role of Architects in the Age of AI and Data? ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/995781/what-is-the-future-role-of-architects-in-the-age-of-ai-and-data

Necipoglu, G. (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaktion Books. https://doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2006.129

Patil, R. (2022). AI in architecture is at an intermediate stage of development. Techture. https://www.techture.global/blog/ai-in-architecture-what-the-future-holds

Playground.Ai - Features, Pricing & Use Cases. (2017). ToolsForHumans. https://www.toolsforhumans.ai/ai-tools/playground-ai

Ploennigs, J., & Berger, M. (2022). AI Art in Architecture. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43503-023-00018-y

Rogers, J.M. (2007). Sinan: Makers of Islamic Civilization. I.B.Tauris.

Tanugraha, S. (2023). A Review Using Artificial Intelligence-Generating Images: Exploring Material Ideas from MidJourney to Improve Vernacular Designs. JARINA-Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture, 2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24002/jarina.v2i2.7537

Thampanichwat, C., Wongvorachan, T., Sirisakdi, L., Chunhajinda, P., Bunyarittikit, S., & Wongmahasiri, R. (2025). Mindful Architecture from Text-to-Image AI Perspectives: A Case Study of DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion. Buildings. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings

Vilgia Putri Beyan, E., Gisela Cinintya Rossy, A., & Vilgia Princess Beyan, E. (2023). A Review of AI Image Generator: Influences, Challenges, and Future Prospects for Architectural Field. JARINA-Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture, 2. https://doi.org/10.24002/jarina.v2i1.6662

Çelik, T. (2024). AI-driven production in modular architecture: an examination of design processes and methods. Computer and Decision Making: An International Journal, 1, 320–339. https://doi.org/10.59543/comdem.v1i.10825

Show more Show less