3D historical reconstruction and digital dissemination of endangered architectural heritage: the case of the Monasterio de Nuestra Señora del Risco (Amavida, Ávila)

Abstract:

This study explores an innovative methodology to valorize and digitally disseminate endangered architectural heritage, focusing on the Monasterio de Nuestra Señora del Riscoin Amavida, Ávila, Spain.  The project aims to connect the historical reconstruction of the monastery at its period of maximum relevance, in the 18thcentury, with its current state. This approach uses images generated from a three-dimensional (3D) model and a 4D virtual tour. It integrates various aspects of the building, including architectural elements, site features, and potential functions. The virtual reconstruction meticulously represents decorative elements, furniture, and interior lighting to recreate the atmosphere of prayer, work, and communal life that characterized the monastic space.  The project focuses on an endangered architectonic asset, under the assumption that cultural heritage serves as a testament to human history and creativity, encapsulating the essence of past civilizations. However, contemporary challenges, such as historical structures frequently becoming abandoned, pose significant threats to this heritage. The Monasterio de Nuestra Señora del Risco, with its unique architectural and historical value, exemplifies these challenges. After a long period of abandonment, from 1835 onwards, its structure was severely damaged and the building was at risk of complete loss. This study aims to address these issues through a comprehensive digital reconstruction and dissemination strategy. The applied methodology involves several phases, including bibliographic review, fieldwork, plus the use of advanced digital techniques. The bibliographic review sourced information from various archives and historical documents; fieldwork included the documentation and analysis   of   the   remaining   architectural   elements, both   onsite   and   displaced   within   the   surrounding   villages. Photogrammetry and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology captured detailed images and generated a 3D model of the monastery.  Specific software (SketchUp and Lumion) created a detailed model of the monastery.  This model integrates data from photogrammetric surveys and historical records, ensuring accuracy and fidelity to the original structure. The 4D virtual tour allows users to explore the monastery in both its historical and current states; this provides a   comprehensive   understanding   of   its   evolution   over   time.   The   digital   reconstruction   reveals   the   monastery's architectural complexity and historical significance.  Key features include the unique building layout, influenced by the rugged terrain and the integration of the sacred cave into the monastic structure. To capture this, a detailed geometric survey was required; the reason is that there are differences in terms of spatial arrangement which are notable with respect to similar examples of heritage. Among these, San Jerónimo de Guisando and Aldeanueva de Santa Cruz, used as a reference for decorations and styles should be mentioned.  The project also identifies and documents displaced architectural elements, contributing to a more complete understanding of the monastery’s original form.  The digital reconstruction and virtual tour serve as powerful tools for heritage conservation and education.  When dealing with 4Dreconstructions, it was necessary to set the exact periods for the representation. In this case, the selected period was the 18thcentury, as it corresponded to the moment of greatest relevance in the environment, when the whole complex had already been built. Hence, this project highlights the architectural richness of the monastery, and underscores its historical and cultural significance.  The careful element representation, together with the identification of dislocated assets from the monastery, provides an enriched vision of the historical legacy, promoting its valorization and conservation.  The project offers an immersive experience that enhances public awareness and appreciation of the monastery's historical and cultural value. This approach also demonstrates that digital techniques have great potential to support the preservation and revitalization of endangered heritage sites.  The project underscores the importance of integrating digital technologies in heritage conservation, offering a detailed description of the methodology employed for the documentation and recreation of the monastery. This methodology can serve as a model for similar initiatives aimed at preserving and disseminating endangered architectural heritage.

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