A bit closer to the past: the three-dimensionalization of an Inca ceremony in the north Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.15285Keywords:
Inca public ceremonies, 3D modelling tools and techniques, archaeological interpretation, cultural heritage, academic disseminationAbstract
Like other expansive polities, the expansion of the Inca empire across the highlands and lowlands of South America is not only a history of trade and warfare, but also of mesmerizing public performances that yielded new and memorable experiences. During highly ritualized public celebratory events, the local polities gained first-hand access to the imperial liturgy, which was vital to promote and legitimate the Inca cosmology across the newly acquired lands. Especially in the last 20 years, new technologies, an ever-growing corpus of archaeological data, as well as increasing hardware capacity and software development, make it possible to emulate the scenes that people got to witness during the Inca public events, at a home computer scale and without complex and expensive equipment. Furthermore, it prompts us to test and apply new tools and academic dissemination techniques, perhaps more suitable to current technologies and means of knowledge storage and circulation. This article presents the process of building a three-dimensional (3D) model that, on the one hand, combines historical, ethnographic, and archaeological data with Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets; on the other hand, it uses detailed architectural analysis and astronomical measurements. The objective is to yield renders that accurately display the atmospheric and lighting conditions prevailing when the site was inhabited. We will offer a detailed description of all methods, techniques, equipment, and software used to create the model and the parameters for rendering the images. The authors intend to exemplify how 3D modelling goes well beyond the 3D model as a product in itself; it becomes a fundamental tool that encouraged us to test new variables and discuss new interpretations about this settlement. Results indicate that its builders designed these settlement's Inca compounds to show off the imperial capabilities and constructive proficiency, to convey exceptional, memorable experiences to its residents and visitors, and to stage explicit links between the imperial representatives and some fundamental procreative components of the Andean cosmos. In doing so, Guitián's plaza served to stage and communicate the privileged role the imperial representatives claimed to have in a broader cosmological scheme.
Highlights:
Inca public performances were finely choreographed so that objects, places, people, landscape, and skyscape features interacted according to the main principles of imperial cosmology.
Current mid-range hardware and specialized yet reasonably user-friendly software are suitable to create accurate three-dimensional (3D) models combining historical, archaeological, and astronomical data.
Creating such a detailed 3D model contributes to cultural heritage and academic dissemination and prompted us to revise and broaden our interpretations.
Downloads
References
Acuto, F. A. (2004). Landscapes of Ideology and Inequality: Experiencing Inka Domination (Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York - Binghamton).
Acuto, F. A. (2010). Living under the Imperial Thumb in the Northern Calchaquí Valley (Argentina). In M. Malpass y S. Alconini (Eds.), Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Inka Imperialism (pp. 108-150). Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20mvff8.8
Acuto, F. A. (2012). Landscapes of Inequality, Spectacle, and Control: Inka Social Order in Provincial Contexts. Revista Chilena de Antropología, 25, 7-62.
Acuto, F. A., & Gifford, C. (2007). Lugar, arquitectura y narrativas de poder. Relaciones sociales y experiencia en los centros inkas del valle Calchaquí Norte. Arqueología Sudamericana, 3(2), 135-161.
Acuto, F., Amuedo, C., Kergaravat, M., Ferrari, A., Gamarra, L., & Goldin, A. L. (2008). Experiencias subjetivas en las aldeas prehispánicas del valle Calchaquí Norte: Arqueología de la vida cotidiana, prácticas y relaciones sociales durante el Período Prehispánico Tardío. In L.A. Borrero & N.V. Franco (Eds.), Arqueología del Extremo Sur del Continente Americano. Resultados de Nuevos Proyectos (pp. 11-54). Buenos Aires; Dunken.
Acuto, F. A., Troncoso, A., & Ferrari A. (2012). Recognizing strategies for conquered territories: a case study from the Inka North Calchaqui Valley. Antiquity, 86(334), 1141-1154. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048304
Acuto, F., & Corimayo, H. (2018). Understanding the Past Through Indigenous Knowledge and Archaeological Research. Archaeologies, 14, 30-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-018-9336-z
Acuto, F. (2018- ongoing project). PDTS CONICET-UNLM (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de La Matanza): Promoción del derecho indígena para el empoderamiento jurídico de los Pueblos Originarios.
Acosta, J. (2008 [1590]). Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias. Madrid: Editoriales S.A.
Alfaro de Lanzone, L. (1985). Investigación arqueológica de la ciudad prehistórica de La Paya, Dpto. Cachi, Provincia de Salta, R. Argentina. Beitrage zur allgemeinene und Vergleichenden Archaeologie 7: 563-560.
Allen, P., Feiner, S., Troccoli, A., Benko, H., Ishak, E. & Smith, B. (2004). Seeing into the past Creating a 3D Modeling Pipeline for Archaeological Visualization. Proceedings of the 2nd intl Sym 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission (3DPVT), 751-758. Thessaloniki, Grecia. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDPVT.2004.1335391
Allen, C. (2015). The whole world is watching: new perspectives on Andean animism. In T. L. Bray (Ed.), The archaeology of wak'as. Explorations of the sacred in the pre-Columbian Andes (pp. 23-46). Colorado: University Press of Colorado, Boulder. https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607323181.c002
Ambrosetti, J. B. (1907). Exploraciones arqueológicas en la ciudad prehistórica de La Paya (Valle Calchaquí, Pcia. de Salta). Revista de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, VIII, 5-534.
Amuedo, C., Ferrari, A., Acuto, F., & Lema, V. (2020). ¿Qué, cómo y quiénes comen a través de un ushnu? Historias de comensalidad en el ushnu de Guitián (Salta, Argentina). Revista Chilena de Antropología, 42, 146-168 https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-1472.2020.60488
Anónimo (1879). Relación anónima. In M. Giménez de la Espada (Ed.), Tres relaciones de Antigüedades Peruanas (pp. 135-227). Madrid: Imprenta y Fundición de M. Tello.
Arkush, E. (2005). Inka Ceremonial Sites in the Southwest Titicaca Basin. In C. Stanish, A. B. Cohen, & M. Aldenderfer (Eds.), Advances in Titicaca Basin Archaeology 1 (pp. 209-42). Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhhhfn9.20
Arnold, D. Y. (2018). Making textiles into persons: Gestural sequences and relationality in communities of weaving practice of the South Central Andes. Journal of Material Culture, 23(2), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183517750007
Arriaga, P. I. (1621). Extirpación de la Idolatría del Piru. Geronymo de Contreras impressor de libros, Lima. Peru digitalization Project (John Carter Brown Library).
Astete Victoria, F., Ziółkowski, M., & Kościuk, J. (2017). On Inca astronomical instruments: the observatory at Inkaraqay - El Mirador (National Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu, Peru). Estudios Latinoamericanos, 37. https://doi.org/10.36447/estudios2017.v36-37.art1
Ávila, F. (1966 [ca. 1598]). Dioses y Hombres de Huarochirí. Translated by J. M. Arguedas and bibliographic study by P. Duviols. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Barraza Lescano, S. (2010). Redefiniendo una categoría arquitectónica Inca: la kallanka. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines, 39(1), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.4000/bifea.2129
Bastien, J. W. (1978). Mountain of the condor. Metaphor and ritual in an Andean ayllu. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Prospect Heights.
Bauer, B. (1992). The development of the Inca State. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
Bauer, B. (1996). Legitimization of the State in Inca Myth and Ritual. American Anthropologist, 98, 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090
Bauer, B. & Dearborn, D. (1995). Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes. The Cultural Origins of Inca Sky Watching. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bauer, B., & Stanish, C. (2001). Ritual and Pilgrimage in the Ancient Andes: The Island of the Sun and the Moon. Austin, Texas: University of Texas.
Betanzos, J. (1992 [1561]). Suma y Narración de los Yngas. Tomo I. Cochabamba: Fondo Rotatorio Editorial de Culturas Aborígenes de América, Ariol SRL.
Bjørkli, B., Ledas, Š., Liestøl, G., Stenarson, T., & Uleberg, E. (2018). Archaeology and Augmented Reality. Visualizing Stone Age Sea Level on Location. In M. Matsumoto and E. Uleberg (Eds.), CAA2016: Oceans of Data Proceedings of the 44th Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Bray, T. (2003). Inka Pottery as Culinary Equipment: Food, Feasting, and Gender in Imperial State Design. Latin American Antiquity, 14(1), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/972232
Bray, T. (2013). Water, Ritual and Power in the Inca Empire. Latin American Antiquity, 24(2), 164-190. https://doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.24.2.164
Brittenham, C. (2014). Carved rock outcropping, Machu Picchu,Object Narrative. Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion. https://doi.org/10.22332/con.obj.2014.10
Chávez Justo, C., & Stanish, C. (2012). Ritual Use of Isla Tikonata in Northern Lake Titicaca. In Vranich, A., Klarich, E.A., Stanish, C., (Eds.), Advances in Titicaca Basin Archaeology-III. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology 51, 183-192, Michigan: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan.
Cieza de León, P. (2005 [1553]). Crónica del Perú. El Señorío de los Incas. Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho.
Coben, L. (2006). Other Cuzcos: replicated theaters of Inka power. In T. Inomata & L.L. Coben (Eds.), Theaters of Power and Community: Archaeology of Performance and Politics (pp. 223-260). Maryland: Altamira Press.
Coben, L. (2012). Theaters of Power: Inca Imperial Performance (Doctoral DissertationPhd Dissertation, Penn Libraries, Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations). https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/499
Cobo, B. (1983). History of the Inca Empire (Trans. by Hamilton, R.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Cobo, B. (1892). Historia del Nuevo Mundo, Tomo III. Sevilla: Impr. de E. Rasco.
Cook Inlet Tribal Council. (2017). Storytelling for the Next Generation: How a non-profit in Alaska harnessed the power of video games to share and celebrate cultures. In The Interactive Past. Archaeology, Heritage & Video Games (pp. 21-31). Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Corimayo, H., & Acuto, F. A. (2015). Saber indígena y saber arqueológico en diálogo: interpretando la cultura material diaguita-Kallchakí. In F. A. Acuto & V. F. Salvi (Eds.), Personas, cosas, relaciones. Reflexiones arqueológicas sobre las materialidades pasadas y presentes (pp. 249-297). Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala.
Crespo, C. (2017). Pueblos originarios en las políticas turístico culturales en el noroeste de Chubut (Patagonia, Argentina). Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 15(3), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2017.15.036
Cruz, P., Crubézy, E., & Gérard, P. (2013). Los adoratorios de altura inkaicos. Una mirada desde el Cerro Cuzco, Departamento de Potosí, Bolivia. Memoria Americana, 21(1), 93-120.
Cummings, V. (2002). Experiencing Texture and Transformation in the British Neolithic. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21(3), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00161
Curtoni, R. P. (2004). Manejo de recursos culturales : la construcción del pasado , el patrimonio , la conservación y el rescate arqueológico. In G. Martínez, M. A. Gutierrez, R. Curtoni, M. Berón & P. Madrid (Eds.), Aproximaciones contemporáneas a la arqueología pampeana. Perspectivas teóricas, metodológicas, analíticas y casos de Estudio (pp. 435-449). UNICEN. Buenos Aires.
D'Altroy, T. (2005). Remaking the Social Landscape: Colonization and the Inka Empire. In Gil J. Stein (Ed.) The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters (pp. 263- 295). Santa Fe, N. M.: School of American Research Press.
D'Altroy, T., & Williams, V. I. (1998). Research of the Proyecto Arqueológico Chalchaquí. Report to the H. John Heinz III Charitable Trust of 1997 Field Research (May 31, 1998).
D'Altroy, T., Lorandi, A. M., Williams, V., Calderari, M., Hastorf, C., DeMarrais, E., & Hagstrum, M. (2000). Inka Rule in the Northern Calchaquí Valley, Argentina. Journal of Field Archaeology, 27(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1179/jfa.2000.27.1.1
Dean, C. (2006). Rethinking Apacheta. Ñawpa Pacha, 28, 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1179/naw.2006.28.1.006
Dean, C. (2010). A culture of stone. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Decoster, J.-J. (1997). Lord of the mountain: local myths and calendrical rituals in the cultural production of the ayllu. Journal of Steward Anthropological Society, 25(1-2), 97-123.
Difrieri, H. A. (1948). Las ruinas de Potrero de Payogasta (Provincia de Salta, Argentina). In 28º Congrés International des Americanistes (pp. 599-604).
Duviols, P. (1967). Un inédit de Cristobal de Albornoz: La instrucción para descubrir todas las guacas del Pirú y sus camayos y haziendas. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 56(1), 7-39. https://doi.org/10.3406/jsa.1967.2269
Endere, M. L. (2016). Los dilemas del patrimonio cultural en el siglo XXI. Elementos para una discusión. Ítems del CIEP, (1), 48-62.
Fahlander, F. (2010). The Nose, the Eye, the Mouth and the Gut: Social Dimensions of Food-Cravings and Commensality. In F. Fahlander & A. Kjellström (Eds.) Making sense of things: archaeologies of sensory perception (pp. 35-50). Stockholm: Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University.
Falconer, L., Burden, D., Cleal, R., Hoyte, R., Phelps, P., Slawson, N., Snashall, N., & Welham, K. (2020). Virtual Avebury: Exploring sense of place in a virtual archaeology simulation. Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(23), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.12924
Farfán Lobatón, C. (2002). El simbolismo en torno al agua en la comunidad de Huaros-Canta. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, 31(1), 115-142. https://doi.org/10.4000/bifea.6967
Ferrari, A. A. (2012). Espacialidad local e Inka: aportes a partir de un caso de estudio en el valle Calchaquí Norte (Salta, Argentina). Tesis para optar por el grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Antropológicas (orientación arqueológica) (Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina).
Ferrari, A. A. (2016). Espacialidad local e inka en el Valle Calchaquí Norte (Salta, Argentina): Reevaluando el alcance de la intervención imperial en La Paya. Estudios Atacameños 53, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432016005000018
Ferrari, A. A., Leibowicz, I., Izaguirre, J. I. & Acuto, F. A. (2017a). Arquitectura y paisaje sonoro de un asentamiento inka en el Noroeste Argentino. Chungara, 49(3), 309-325. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-73562017005000025
Ferrari, A. A., Acuto, F. A., Izaguirre, J. I., & Jacob, C. (2017b). Plazas, ushnus y experiencias rituales en el valle Calchaquí Norte durante la ocupación inka. Revista Española de Antropologia Americana, 47, 43 - 67. https://doi.org/10.5209/REAA.61969
Ferrari, A. A., Acuto, F. A., Leibowicz, I., Izaguirre, J., & Jacob, C. (2021). Pilgrimage, mountain worshiping, and human - Non-human entities' interactions in the South Andes: A case study from the North Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 61, 101266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101266
Ferrari, A. A. (2019). Al encuentro con las wak'as: entidades humanas y no humanas en las tierras altas del valle Calchaquí norte (Salta, Argentina) (Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires).
Ferrari, A. A., Leibowicz. I., Izaguirre, J. I., & Acuto, F. A. (2021). Uña Tambo: materialidad, espacialidad y cronología de un sitio local intervenido por los inkas en las tierras altas del Valle Calchaquí Norte (Salta, Argentina). Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, 26(1).
Ferrari, Alejandro. 2020-2023. La dimensión acústica de las festividades imperiales: un estudio sistemático de las propiedades acústicas de espacios públicos Inka en El Valle Calchaquí Norte (Salta, Argentina). Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMHICIHU - CONICET).
Flores, C., & Acuto, F. A. (2015). Pueblos originarios y arqueología argentina. Construyendo un diálogo intercultural y reconstruyendo a la arqueología. Intersecciones en Antropología, 16, 179-194.
Flores Gutiérrez, M., Rufete Martínez, T., Macanás Vidal, J., Martínez García, J., López Martínez, C. M., & Ramos Martínez, F. (2011). Visor de Realidad Aumentada en Museos (RAM) para Exposiciones Situadas en Entornos Cerrados. Virtual Archaeology Review, 2(3), 87. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2011.4619
Franquemont, E. M., Franquemont, C., & Isbell, B. J. (1992). Awaq ñawin: El ojo del tejedor. La práctica de la cultura en el tejido. Revista Andina, (1), 47-80.
Frischer, B. (2005). New Directions for cultural virtual reality: A global strategy. Serving and exhibiting 3D computer models of cultural heritage sites. Virtual Retrospective, 168-175.
Forensic Architecture Research Agency. Goldsmiths: University of London. Retrieved March 1, 2021, from https://forensic-architecture.org/
Garcilaso de la Vega, "El Inca". (1985 [1609]). Comentarios Reales de los Incas. Libro primero. Colección N°5. Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho.
Gasparini, G., & Margolies, L. (1977). Inca architecture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gil-Melitón, M., & Lerma, J. L. (2019). Patrimonio histórico militar: digitalización 3D de la espada nazarí atribuida a Ali Atar. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(20), 52-69. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.10028
González, A. R., & Díaz, P. P. (1992). Notas arqueológicas sobre la "Casa Morada", La Paya, pcia. de Salta. Estudios de Arqueología, 5, 9-61.
Gose, P. (2006). Mountains Historicized: Ancestors and Landscape in the Colonial Andes. In P. Dransart (Ed.), Kay Pacha: cultivating earth and water in the Andes (pp. 29-38). Oxford: BAR International Series.
Guamán Poma de Ayala, F. (1980 [1615]). Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno. Tomo I. México D.F: Siglo XXI.
Guráieb, A. G., & Frère, M. M. (2008). Caminos y encrucijadas en la gestión del patrimonio arqueológico argentino. FFyL. UBA. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Hamilakis, Y. (1999). Food technologies/technologies of the body: The social context of wine and oil production and consumption in bronze age Crete. World Archaeology, 31(1), 38-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1999.9980431
Hyslop, J. (1990). Inka Settlement Planning. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Hwang, W. Y., Su, J., Huang S. Y., & Dong, J. J. (2009). A Study of Multi-Representation of Geometry Problem Solving with Virtual Manipulatives and Whiteboard System. Education Technology & Society, 12(3), 229-247.
International Forum of Virtual Archaeology. (2011). Principles of Seville. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from http://smartheritage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PRINCIPIOS-DE-SEVILLA.pdf
ICOMOS-OEA. (1967). Normas de Quito. Ecuador. Retrieved April 29, 2021, from https://ipce.culturaydeporte.gob.es/eu/dam/jcr:da21dfac-4e15-4937-bd6a-d6ead67155be/1967-carta-de-quito.pdf
ICOMOS. (1994). The Nara document on authenticity. International Council on Monuments and Sites. Japón. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf
Izaguirre, J. I. (2020). Paisajes sensoriales para el estudio del ámbito doméstico. Un análisis sobre los esquemas perceptivos, la arquitectura y la interacción social en el Sitio Arqueológico de Las Pailas, Valle Calchaqui Norte, (Salta, Argentina) (Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires).
Izaguirre, J. I. (2020-2023). Puesta en valor del patrimonio cultural de los pueblos originarios del Departamento de Cachi, Provincia de Salta, a través de la realización de videojuegos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas (IMHICIHU).
Izaguirre, J. I., & Ferrari, A. A. (2018). Aproximación preliminar a la simulación de la dispersión sonora en asentamientos arqueológicos. Arqueología, 24(3), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.34096/arqueologia.t24.n3.5381
Jacob, C., & Leibowicz, I. (2011). Montañas sagradas en los confines imperiales. Nevado de Cachi, Salta- Argentina. Revista Haucayapata. Investigaciones arqueológicas del Tahuantinsuyo, 2, 71-90.
Jacob, C., Leibowicz, I., Acuto, F. A., & Moyano, R. (2013). Paisaje ritual y marcadores astronómicos en el sitio Uña Tambo, Nevados de Cachi, Salta, Argentina. Arqueología y Sociedad, 26, 291-302.
Johanson, C., & Frischer, B. (1998). A digital model of the Inca Sanctuary of the Sun. In Beyond Ilustration: 2d and 3d Digital Technologies as Tools for Discovery In Archaeology (pp. 98-102). BAR International Series 1805.
Karasik, A. (2008). Applications of 3D technology as a research tool in archaeological ceramic analysis. In B. D. Frischer & A. D. Hild (Eds.), Beyond the Ilustration (pp. 103-116). Oxford: Archeopress.
Kosiba, S. (2012). Emplacing Value, Cultivating Order: Places of Conversion and Practices of Subordination throughout Early Inka State Formation (Cusco, Perú). In G. Urton & J. Papadopoulos (Eds.), Constructions of Value in the Ancient World (pp. 97-127). Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdjrrxf.10
London Charter (2009). The London charter for the use of 3-dimensional visualization in the research and communication of Cultural Heritage. Online document http://www.londoncharter.org/fileadmin/templates/main/docs/london_charter_1_1_en.pdf (Accessed April 2021).
Makowski, K., Córdova, M., Habetler, P., & Lazárraga, M. (2005). La plaza y la fiesta: reflexiones acerca de la función de los patios en la arquitectura pública prehispánica de los períodos tardíos. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, 9, 297-333.
Mar, R., & Beltrán-Caballero, J. A. (2014). El conjunto arqueológico de Saqsaywaman (Cusco): Una aproximación a su arquitectura. Revista Española de Antropología Americana, 44(1), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_REAA.2014.v44.n1.47633
McKinley, R., & Damala, A. (2013). ARtSENSE and Manifest.AR: Revisiting Museums in the Public Realm through Emerging Art Practices. In N. Proctor & R. Cherry (Eds.), Museums and the Web 2013. Silver Spring. http://mw2013.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/artsense-and-manifest-ar-revisiting-museums-in-the-public-realm-through-emerging-art-practices (Accessed April 2021).
Meddens, F. M., Branch, N. P., Pomacanchari, C. V., Riddiford, N., & Kemp, R. (2008). High Altitude Ushnu Platforms in the Department of Ayacucho Peru, Structure, Ancestors and Animating Essence (pp. 315-355). In Staller J. E. (Ed.), Pre-Columbian Landscapes of Creation and Origin. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76910-3_10
Meddens, F. (1994). Mountains, Miniatures, Ancestors, and Fertility: The Meaning of Late Horizon Offerings in a Middle Horizon Structure in Peru. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, 31,127-150.
Meddens, F. (1997). Function and meaning of the usnu in late horizon Perú. Tawantinsuyu, 3, 4-14.
Meddens, F. (2015). The Importance of Being Inka. Ushnu Platforms and their place in the Andean Landscape. In T. Bray (Ed.) The archaeology of Wak'as: Explorations of the Sacred in the Pre-Columbian Andes (pp. 239 - 263). Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607323181.c008
Mol, A., Ariese, C., Boom, K., & Politopoulos, A. (2017). The Interactive Past. Archaeology, Heritage & Video Games. Leiden, Netherlands: Sidestone Press.
Molina, C. (1964 [ca. 1570-84]). An account of the fables and rites of the Yncas. In Markham, C. (Trans. and Ed.), Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas, (Reprint of the1873 edition) (pp. 3-64). New York: Burt Franklin.
Molina, C. [ca. 1575] 2011. Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas, Introducted by B. Bauer and translated and edited by B. Bauer, V. Smith-Oka, and G. Cantarutti. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Monteverde, L. R. (2010). La configuración arquitectónica de los ushnus como espacios de libaciones y ofrendas líquidas durante el Tahuantinsuyo. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines, 40(1), 31-80. https://doi.org/10.4000/bifea.1635
Moore, J. (1996). Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes. The Archaeology of Public Buildings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521201
Morris, C., & Covey, A. (2003). La plaza central de Huánuco Pampa: Espacio y transformación. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, 7, 133-149.
Moyano, R. (2013). La Luna como objeto de estudio antropológico: El ushnu y la predicción de eclipses en contextos incas del Collasuyu (Doctoral dissertation tesis). México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Muñoz, M. (2007). The Kallanka at Samaipata, Bolivia: an example of Inka monumental architecture. In R. Burger, C. Morris & R. Matos Mendieta (Eds.), Variations in the expression of Inka power (pp. 255-265). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521201
Murra, J. (1962). Cloth and its functions in the Inca state. American Anthropologist, 64, 710-728. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1962.64.4.02a00020
Mustafa, W. A., Yazid, H., Jaafar, M., Zainal, M., Abdul-Nasir, A. S., & Mazlan, N. (2017). A review of image quality assessment (IQA): SNR, GCF, AD, NAE, PSNR, ME. Journal of advanced research in computing and applications, 7(1), 1-7.
Niles, S. A. (1999). The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Nielsen, A. E. (2007). Celebrando Con Los Antepasados: Arqueología del Espacio Público en Los Amarillos (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina). Córdoba: Mallku ediciones.
Paricio, E. A., & Campos López, D. (2003). Realidad virtual y reconstrucción 3D: ¿Arqueología o Ciencia Ficción? In Actas del I Encuentro internacional, 5-7 de mayo (pp. 419-422). FFyL, UNC.
Peréz de Micou, C. (1997). Los artefactos sobre materias primas vegetales flexibles de la colección Doncellas, Museo Etnográfico, Buenos Aires y Museo del Pucará, Tilcara (Doctoral dissertation thesis, University of Buenos Aires).
Pino Matos, J. L. (2005). El ushnu y la organización espacial astronómica en la sierra central del Chinchaysuyu. Estudios Atacameños, 29, 143-161. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432005000100007
Previtali, M., & Valente, R. (2019). Archaeological documentation and data sharing: Digital surveying and open data approach applied to archaeological fieldworks. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(20), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.10377
Price, R. (2018). Sniffing out the Gods: Archaeology with the Senses. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 7, 137-155. https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/22032/21397.
Primeau, K., & Witt, D. (2018). Soundscapes in the past: Investigating sound at the landscape level. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 875-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.044
Reinhard, J. (1993). Llullaillaco: An Investigation of the World's Highest Archaeological Site. Latin American Indian Literatures Journal, 9(1), 31-65.
Reinhard, J., & Ceruti, C. (2000). Investigaciones arqueológicas en el Volcán Llullaillaco: Complejo ceremonial incaico de alta montaña. Salta (Argentina): Ediciones Universidad Católica de Salta.
Raffino, R. A. (1983 [1981]). Los Inkas del Kollasuyu. Origen, naturaleza y transfiguraciones de la ocupación andina en los Andes Meridionales. Segunda Edición.Buenos Aires: Ramos Americana Editora.
Rascón Marqués, S., & Sánchez Montes, A. L. (2008). Las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas a la didáctica del patrimonio. Pulso 31, 67-92.
Reilly, P (1988). Computer Analysis of an Archaeological Landscape: Medieval Land Divisions on the Isle of Man. Oxford: British Archaeological Report (Series 190), Oxford University.
Reilly, P., & Shennan, S. (1989). Applying Solid Modeling and Animated Three-Dimensional Graphics to Archaeological Problems. In S. Rahtz y J. Richards (Eds.) Computer Applications in Archaeology. British Archaeological Reports (Int. Series 548) (pp. 157-165). Oxford: B.A.R.
Renard, S. F. (1994). Vestimenta y jerarquía. Los tejidos de Angualasto del Museo Etnográfico. Una nueva visión. Revista Andina, 12(2), 373-401.
Renard, S. F. (1997). Objetos textiles, pasos y caminantes trasandinos. Piezas similares y rasgos comunes en textiles arqueológicos de Argentina y Chile. Estudios Atacameños, 14, 291-305. https://doi.org/10.22199/S07181043.1997.0014.00018
Reinhard, J. (1985). Sacred Mountains: an ethno-archaeological study of High Andean Ruins. Mountain Research and Development, 5(4), 299-317. Boulder, Colorado: International Mountain Society. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673292
Saintenoy, T., González-García, A. C., & Fernandez, M. C. (2019). The making of an imperial agricultural landscape in the Valley of Belén. Antiquity, 93(372), 1607-1624. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.176
Sanders, D. H. (1999). Virtual Worlds for Archaeological Research and Education. In L. Dingwall , S. Exon, V. Gaffney, S. Laflin y M. Van Leusen (Eds.), Archaeology in the Age of Internet (pp. 22-31). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Sanhueza, C. (2017). Las saywas del inka en el desierto de atacama: ¿una inscripción del calendario en el qhapaq ñan? Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, 22(2), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-68942017000200133
Santa Cruz Pachacuti, J. (1964 [1620]). An account of the antiquities of Peru. In Markham, C. (Trans. and Ed.), Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas (Reprint of 1873 edition) (pp. 67-120). New York: Burt Franklin.
Schávelzon, D., & Magadán, M. (1992). Potrero de Payogasta: la arquitectura de una ciudad incaica del noroeste argentino. In N. Saunders (Ed.) Ancient America: contributions to the New World archaeology (pp. 173-188). Oxford: Oxbow Books. Retrieved from Potrero de Payogasta: La Arquitectura de una ciudad Incaica del Noroeste Argentino. | (danielschavelzon.com.ar)
Staller, J. E. (2008). Dimensions of Place: The Significance of Centers to the Development of Andean Civilization: An Exploration of the Ushnu Concept. In J. Staller (Ed.), Pre- Columbian Landscapes of Creation and Origin (pp. 269-313). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76910-3_9
Staller, J. E. (2014). Lightning (Illapa) and Its Manifestations: Huacas and Ushnus. In F. M. Meddens, K.Willis, C. McEwan & N. Branch (Eds.), Inca Sacred Space: Landscape, Site and Symbol in the Andes (pp. 177-186). London: Archetype Press.
Stanish, C., & Bauer, B. (2007). Pilgrimage and the Geography of Power in the Inka Empire. In R. Burger, C. Morris, R. M. Mendieta (Eds.), Variations in the expression of Inka power (pp. 45-83). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
UNESCO (2003). Records of the General Conference, 32nd session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003, v. 1: Resolutions. Online document: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000133171.page=80. (Accessed April 2021).
Vivanco, C., & Meddens, F. (2010). Estudio de usnus del Tawantinsuyo. Espacios sagrados en territorios estratégicos de Ayacucho. Investigación, 18(2), 81-93.
Watson, A., & Keating, D. (1999). Architecture and sound: an acoustic analysis of megalithic monuments in prehistoric Britain. Antiquity, 73(280), 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00088281
Williams, V. I., & D'Altroy, T. (1998). El Sur del Tawantinsuyu: Un Dominio Selectivamente Intensivo. Tawantinsuyu, 5, 170-178.
Williams, V. I. (2004). Poder Estatal y Cultura Material en el Collasuyu. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, 8, 209-245.
Williams. V. I., & Villegas, P. (2017). Rutas y senderos prehispánicos como paisajes. Las quebradas altas del valle Calchaquí medio (Salta). Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, 22(1), 71-94. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-68942017005000201
Zotti, G., & Neubauer, W. (2019). Beyond the Landscape: analysis of neolithic circular ditch systems of lower Austria with advanced virtual archaeoastronomy. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(21), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.10772
Zotti, G., & Wolf, A. (2020). Stellarium 0.20.4 User Guide. Version 0.20.4-1, December 28, 2020.
Zuidema, T. (1977). The Inka Calendar. In A. F. Aveni (Ed.), Native American Astronomy (pp. 219-259). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Zuidema, T. (1980). El Ushnu. Revista de la Universidad Complutense, 28(117), 317-361.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.