La movilidad independiente infantil en los caminos escolares: la percepción de los niños y niñas sobre las dificultades en su entorno

Nahia Idoiaga Mondragón; Idoia Legorburu Fernández; Israel Alonso Sáez; Naiara Berasategi Sancho

doi:10.4995/reinad.2024.16650

Autores/as

Nahia Idoiaga Mondragón University of the Basque Country https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0345-8570
Idoia Legorburu Fernández University of the Basque Country https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-3636
Israel Alonso Sáez University of the Basque Country https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-5223
Naiara Berasategi Sancho University of the Basque Country https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1775-3431

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4995/reinad.2024.16650

Palabras clave:

Autonomía, caminos escolares, movilidad infantil

Resumen

La tasa de movilidad independiente infantil ha sufrido un descenso significativo durante las últimas décadas. Esta situación ha provocado que la infancia tenga más dificultades a la hora de explorar, jugar o caminar de forma autónoma por las calles de sus barrios y ciudades. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo conocer las razones que impulsan o dificultan que los niños y niñas puedan tener experiencias de autonomía como en este caso a través del trayecto escolar sin una figura adulta y ver, así como es su percepción sobre el entorno, como influye la decisión parental y conocer cómo son sus propias capacidades personales. En el estudio han participado un total de 1.002 niños y niñas de entre 8 y 16 años de varios municipios de Bizkaia (norte de España). Las respuestas han sido recogidas mediante preguntas abiertas y analizadas mediante el software Iramuteq. Se han realizado tres tipos de análisis, el método Reinert, el análisis de similitudes léxicas y análisis de espeficidades. Los resultados muestran que los y las menores que obtienen el permiso de sus familias para realizar el trayecto escolar de manera autónoma, tienen una mayor percepción de seguridad sobre su entorno. Por el contrario, aquellos que van acompañados a la escuela, perciben sus calles como más inseguras y repiten más frecuentemente las dificultades que puede conllevar la realización del camino de forma independiente. Finalmente, se ha observado que los niños y niñas con mayores tasas de movilidad independiente se perciben con mayor madurez y mejores capacidades para moverse por su entorno.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Alparone, F.R. & Pacilli, M.G. (2012). On children's independent mobility: The interplay of demographic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Children Geographies, 10, 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2011.638173

Bennetts, S. K., Cooklin, A. R., Crawford, S., D'Esposito, F., Hackworth, N. J., Green, J., ... & Nicholson, J. M. (2018). What influences parents' fear about children's independent mobility? Evidence from a state-wide survey of Australian parents. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(3), 667-676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117117740442

Black, C.,Collins A., & Snell, M. (2001). Encouraging Walking: the Case of Journey-to-School Trips in Compact Urban Areas. Urban Studies, 38, 1121-1141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980124102

Brown, B., Mackett, R., Gong, Y., Kitazawa, K., & Paskins, J. (2008). Gender differences in children's pathways to independent mobility. Children Geographies. 6(4), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280802338080

Carver, A., Timperio, A., Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children's physical activity""A review. Health & Place, 14(2), 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.004

Ding, D., Bracy, N., Sallis, J., Saelens, B., Norman, G., Harris, S.K., Durant, N., Rosenberg, D., & Kerr, J. (2012). Is fear of strangers related to physical activity among youth? The Science of Health Promotion 26(3), 189-195. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.100701-QUAN-224

Foster, S., Villanueva, K., Wood, L., Christian, H., & Giles-Corti, B. (2014). The Impact of Parents' Fear of Strangers and Perceptions of Informal Social Control on Children's Independent Mobility. Health & Place 26, 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.11.006

Hillman M, Adams J, Whitelegg J. (1990). One false move: a study of children's independent mobility. PSI Publishing.

Khalid, N.S., Nasrudin, N., & Marzukhi, M.A. (2019). Child freedom in Mobility to School: Measuring the Strong Factors of Choice of Mode among Parents. Enviroment-Behaviour Procedings Journal, 6(SI4), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.2895

Kytta M. (2004). The extent of children's independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 179-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00073-2

Legorburu Fernandez, I., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Alonso Saenz, I., & Berasategi Sancho, N. (2023). Segurua al da eskolara bakarrik joatea? Generoaren eragina haurren mugikortasun autonomoan. Uztaro: giza eta gizarte-zientzien aldizkaria, (Uztaro 124), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.26876/uztaro.124.2023.1

Marzi, I., & Kerstin, A. (2018). Children's Independent Mobility: Current Knowledge, Future Directions, and Public Health Implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112441

McDonald, N. C., Brown, A. L., Marchetti, L. M., & Pedroso, M. S. (2011). US school travel, 2009: an assessment of trends. American journal of preventive medicine, 41(2), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.006

McDonald, N., Deakin, E., & Aalborg, A. (2010). Influence of the social environment on children's school travel. Preventive Medicine, 50, S65-S68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.08.016

Molina-García, J., & Queralt, A. (2017). Neighborhood built environment and socioeconomic status in relation to active commuting to school in children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 14(10), 761-765. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0033

Nelson, N., Foley, E., O'Gorman, D., Moyna, N., & Woods, C. (2008). Active Commuting to School: How Far Is Too Far? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-1

O'Connor, J., & Brown, A. (2013). A qualitative study of 'fear' as a regulator of children's independent physical activity in the suburbs. Health & Place, 24, 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.09.002

Prezza, M., Alparone, F.R., Cristallo, C., & Luigi, S. (2005). Parental perception of social risk and of positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children: the development of two instruments. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 25(4), 37-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.12.002

Prezza, M., & Pacilli, M. G. (2007). Current fear of crime, sense of community, and loneliness in Italian adolescents: The role of autonomous mobility and play during childhood. Journal of community psychology, 35(2), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20140

Prezza, M., Pilloni, S., Morabito, C., Sersante, C., Alparone, F. R., & Giuliani, M. V. (2001). The influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on children's independent mobility and relationship to peer frequentation. Journal of community & applied social psychology, 11(6), 435-450. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.643

Rissotto, A., & Tonucci, F. (2002). Freedom of movement and environmental knowledge in elementary school children. Journal of environmental Psychology, 22(1-2), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0243

Robertson-Wilson, J. E., Leatherdale, S. T., & Wong, S. L. (2008). Social-ecological correlates of active commuting to school among high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(5), 486-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.10.006

Rudner J. (2012). Public knowing of risk and children's independent mobility. Progress in Planning, 78(1), 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2012.04.001

Ruiz-Hermosa, A., Martínez-Vizcaíno, v., Solera-Martínez, M., Martínez-Andrés, M., García-Prieto, J.C., & Sánchez-López, M. (2021). Individual and social factors associated with active commuting to school in 4-6 years old Spanish children. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 31(3), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1649640

Sabbag, G. M., Kuhnen, A., & Vieira, M. L. (2015). A mobilidade independente da criança em centros urbanos. Interações (Campo Grande), 16, 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-70122015217

Simons, D., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Clarys, P., De Geus, B., Vandelanotte, C., Van Cauwenberg, J., & Deforche, B. (2017). Choice of transport mode in emerging adulthood: Differences between secondary school students, studying young adults and working young adults and relations with gender, SES and living environment. Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 103, 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.05.016

Stewart, O. (2011). Findings from research on active transportation to school and implications for safe routes to school programs. Journal of Planning Literature, 26(2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412210385911

Tonucci, F. (2015). La ciudad de los niños. Grao. https://doi.org/10.36737/01230425.n13.122

Trapp, G., Giles-Corti, B., Christian, H.E., Bulsara, M., Timperio, A., McCormack, G., & Villanueva, K. (2011). Increasing children's physical activity: individual, social, and environmental factors associated with walking to and from school. Health Education and Behaviour, 39(2), 172-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111423272

Tudor-Locke, C., Ainsworth, B. E., & Popkin, B. M. (2001). Active commuting to school. Sports medicine, 31(5), 309-313. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131050-00001

Villanueva, K., Giles-Corti, B., Bulsara, M., Trapp, G., Timperio, A., McCormack, G., & Van Niel, K. (2013). Does the walkability of neighbourhoods affect children's independent mobility, independent of parental, socio-cultural and individual factors? Children's Geographies, 12(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.812311

Zubrick, S.R., Wood, L., Villanueva, K., Wood, G., Giles-Corti, B., & Christian, H. (2010). Nothing but Fear Itself: Parental Fear as a Determinant Impacting on Child Physical Activity and Independent Mobility. Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth).