Methodology for Regulatory Impact Assessment: A Proposal for Quantifying Administrative Burdens on Citizens
Submitted: 2025-05-12
|Accepted: 2025-08-22
|Published: 2025-11-04
Copyright (c) 2025 Sergio Mosteiro Molina

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Downloads
Keywords:
quantification, regulatory quality, regulatory impact assessment, administrative burdens, Standard Cost Model
Supporting agencies:
Abstract:
The quantification of compliance costs for regulations affecting citizens remains an underexplored area within Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA). This document presents a methodological proposal to quantify the administrative burdens borne by citizens through the monetization of the time spent on fulfilling regulatory requirements, framed within the Standard Cost Model. The methodology outlined is cost-effective and proportionate in terms of effort versus benefit, sustainable over time, transferable to other analytical contexts, and ensures both transparency and traceability of the calculations.
After evaluating several scenarios, the most accurate approach for the population aged 16 and over is found to be a weighted model that includes three variables: average gross annual salary, average contributory pension, and the minimum interprofessional wage. Based on a standard annual workload of 1,826 hours, it is estimated that in 2022—the latest year with harmonized data for all variables—the average hourly cost was €14.42 in Spain, including overheads. Values were also calculated for each of the autonomous communities and actualized to 2024 via IPC.
A comparison with other international contexts where the value of citizens' time has been estimated suggests that the proposed methodology is both valid and consistent, pending empirical application.
References:
Alabanos, N., & Theodoropoulos, S. (2016). A key-point comparison & the new challenges for the existent Administrative Burden Models (A.B.M’s). Journal of Economics and Business, 66, 32-45. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/169177/1/862395976.pdf
Alon-Barkat, S., & Busuioc, M. (2023). Human–AI Interactions in Public Sector Decision Making: “Automation Bias” and “Selective Adherence” to Algorithmic Advice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 33, 153-169, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muac007
Aravena, W., Riquelme, S., & Santibáñez, M. (2023). El trámite para calificar la discapacidad en Chile. Las cargas administrativas que deben asumir las personas con discapacidad en la región del Biobío. Revista Mexicana de Análisis Político y Administración Pública, 12, 37-66. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9540137
Auby, J.-B., & Perroud, T. (Eds.) (2013). La evaluación de impacto regulatorio. Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública.
Aymerich Ojea, I. (2023). La Administración como generadora de evidencias para la calidad normativa. Documentación Administrativa, (10), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.24965/da.11213
Baekgaard, M., Mikkelsen, K. S., Madsen, J. K., & Christensen, J. (2021). Reducing Compliance Demands in Government Benefit Programs Improves the Psychological Well-Being of Target Group Members. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 31(4), 806–821. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muab011
Baekgaard, M., & Tankink, T. (2022). Administrative Burden: Untangling a Bowl of Conceptual Spaghetti. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 5(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvab027
Barnes, C., & Riel, V. (2022). ‘I don’t know nothing about that’: How “learning costs” undermine COVID-related efforts to make SNAP and WIC more accessible. Administration & Society, 54(10), 1902-1930. https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997211073948
Barnes, C., & Petry, S. (2021). "It Was Actually Pretty Easy": COVID-19 Compliance Cost Reductions in the WIC Program. Public administration review, 81(6), 1147–1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13423
Bosa. (2024). Guide pratique pour la mesure des charges administratives et des coûts de gestión. Modèle de mesure Kafka Méthode des Coûts Standard au niveau fédéral. https://bosa.belgium.be/sites/default/files/content/documents/DTdocs/Simplification/MANUAL%20DAV_2024_(FR).pdf
Bozeman, B. (2000). Bureaucracy and Red Tape. Prentice-Hall.
Burden, B. C., Canon, D. T., Mayer, K. R., & Moynihan, D. P. (2012). The Effect of Administrative Burden on Bureaucratic Perception of Policies: Evidence from Election Administration. Public Admininstration Review, 72(5), 741-751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02600.x
Cecchini, M. (2024). Into the Unknown: Conceptualizing the Experience of Uncertainty in Citizen–State Interactions. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 7(1-2), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvae002
Cook, K. (2021). Gender, malice, obligation and the state: Separated mothers’ experiences of administrative burdens with Australia's child support program. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 80(4), 912–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12522
Cook, K. (2022). State tactics of welfare benefit minimisation: The power of governing documents. Critical Social Policy, 42(2), 241-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/02610183211003474
Döring, M., & Madsen, J. K (2022). Mitigating Psychological Costs—The Role of Citizens’ Administrative Literacy and Social Capital. Public Administration Review, 82(4), 671-681.https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13472
Dunlop, C., & Radaelli, C. (Eds.) (2016). Handbook of regulatory impact assessment. Edward Elgar Publishing.
European Commission. (2021). Better regulation toolbox. https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-making-process/planning-and-proposing-law/better-regulation/better-regulation-guidelines-and-toolbox_en
Federal Statistical Office of Germany. (2025). Leitfaden zur Ermittlung und Darstellung des Erfüllungsaufwands in Regelungsvorhaben der Bundesregierun. Federal Statistical Office on behalf of the German Federal Government and the National Regulatory Control Council. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Staat/Buerokratiekosten/Publikationen/Downloads-Buerokratiekosten/erfuellungsaufwand-handbuch.html
Gamero Casado, E. (2014). Hacia la simplificación de los procedimientos administrativos: El procedimiento administrativo adecuado. Actas del IX Congreso de la Asociación Española de Profesores de Derecho Administrativo.
Generalitat de Cataluña (2008). Manual internacional del model de costos estàndard. Departament de la Presidència. Direcció de Qualitat Normativa. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14623/214
Generalitat de Cataluña. (2010). Good practice guide for the preparation and revision of regulatory affecting economic activity. Departament de la Presidència. Direcció de Qualitat Normativa. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14623/865
Hattke, F., Hensel, D., & Kalucza, J. (2020). Emotional Responses to Bureaucratic Red Tape. Public Administration Review, 80(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13116
Herd, P., & Moynihan, D. (2018): Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means. Russell Sage Foundation.
Hill, A., & Noti, J. (2009). Costing Customer Time. Research Paper. HM Revenue and Customs. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a75674c40f0b6360e473d8f/cost-of-time.pdf
Judgment 00396/2017 of the Social Chamber of the High Court of Justice of Castile and León. Tribunal Superior de Justicia. Sala de lo Social. https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/AN/openDocument/655a19e14800529d/20170412
Kahn, R. L., Katz, D., & Gutek, B. (1976). Bureaucratic Encounters— An Evaluation of Government Services. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 12(2), 178–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002188637601200203
Law 39/2015, of 1 October, on the Common Administrative Procedure of Public Administrations. Boletín Oficial del Estado. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2015/10/01/39/con
Madsen, J. K., & Mikkelsen, K. S. (2021). How salient administrative burden affects job seekers’ locus of control and responsibility attribution: Evidence from a survey experiment. International Public Management Journal, 25(2), 241–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2021.1951905
Madsen, J. K., Mikkelsen, K. S., & Moynihan, D. (2022). Burdens, sludge, ordeals, red tape, oh my! A user’s guide to the study of frictions. Public Administration, 100(2), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12717
Martinelli, C., & Parker, S. W. (2009). Deception and Misreporting in a Social Program. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(4), 886–908. https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.4.886
Masood, A., & Nisar, M. A. (2021). Administrative Capital and Citizens’ Responses to Administrative Burden. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 31(1), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa031
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business. (2017). Guía Metodológica para la elaboración de la Memoria del Análisis de Impacto normativo. https://portal.mineco.gob.es/RecursosArticulo/mineco/economia/ficheros/guia_metodologica_ain.pdf
Moynihan, D., Herd, P., & Harvey, H. (2015). Administrative Burden: Learning, Psychological, and Compliance Costs in Citizen-State Interactions. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(1), 43–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muu009
Naundorf, S., & Radaelli, C. M. (2017). Regulatory Evaluation Ex Ante and Ex Post: Best Practice, Guidance and Methods. In U. Karpen & H. Xanthaki (Eds.), Legislation in Europe: A Comprehensive Guide for Scholars and Practitioners. Hart Publishing.
Nisar, M. A., & Masood, A. (2022). Are all burdens bad? Disentangling illegitimate administrative burdens through public value accounting. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 45(4), 385-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2022.2088581
Novales, A. (Ed.) (2024). Los ciudadanos ante la administración: reflexiones críticas y recomendaciones. Informes y papeles del Grupo de Trabajo Mixto COVID-19. FEDEA. https://documentos.fedea.net/pubs/dt/2024/dt2024-05.pdf
OECD (2014). OECD Regulatory Compliance Cost Assessment Guidance. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264209657-en
OIA. (2024). Regulatory Burden Measurement Framework. Australian Government, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. https://oia.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-02/regulatory-burden-measurement-framework.pdf
Peeters, R. (2020). The Political Economy of Administrative Burdens: A Theoretical Framework for Analyzing the Organizational Origins of Administrative Burdens. Administration & Society, 52(4), 566-592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399719854367
Peeters, R., & Widlak, A. (2023). Administrative Exclusion in the Infrastructure-Level Bureaucracy: The Case of the Dutch Daycare Benefit Scandal. Public Administration Review, 83(4), 863–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13615
Ponce, J. (2009). ¿Mejores normas? Directiva 2006/123/CE, relativa a los servicios en el mercado interior, calidad reglamentaria y control judicial. Revista de Administración Pública, (180), 201-243. https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/27608juliponcesolerap180.pdf
Ramió, C. (2022). Burocracia inteligente. Guía para transformar la Administración pública. Los Libros de la Catarata.
Royal Legislative Decree 2/2015, of 23 October, approving the revised text of the Workers’ Statute Act. Boletín Oficial del Estado. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rdlg/2015/10/23/2/con
Sánchez Puente, R., Bueno Rodríguez, F., & García Vidal, A. (2019). La evaluación ex-ante. Una visión de la Oficina de Coordinación y Calidad Normativa. ICE, Revista de Economía, (907), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.32796/ice.2019.907.6807
Tolmo García, J. (2019). Sobre la simplificación administrativa en procedimientos destinados a personas en riesgo de exclusión social en la Región de Murcia: análisis y propuestas. EAPN Murcia y Consejería de Mujer, Igualdad, LGTBI, Familias y Política Social. https://conocimientoabierto.carm.es/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11914/6444/1/2022_Simplificacion_administrativa.pdf
Tornos Mas, J. (2000). La simplificación procedimental en el ordenamiento español. Revista de administración pública, (151), 39-76. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/RAP/article/view/46226/27721
Torriti, J. (2012). Standard Cost Model: Three different paths and their common problems. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 8(1), 90-108. https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v8i1.322
Van Den Hurk, J. (2008). Standard Cost Model for Citizens. User’s guide for measuring administrative burdens for Citizens. Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations.
Voermans, W. (2015). To measure is to know: The quantification of regulation. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 3(1), 91-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2015.1041706


