A non-parametric validation framework for photoplethysmography-based heart rate monitoring: a proof-of-concept study using the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test

Javier Cruz-Salgado

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-6647

Mexico

Universidad Virtual del Estado de Guanajuato

Center for Applied Innovation in Competitive Technologies CIATEC

Roxana Zaricell Bautista-López

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-8825

Mexico

Universidad Virtual del Estado de Guanajuato

Javier Yañez-Mendiola

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-5947

Mexico

Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas

Edgar Augusto Ruelas-Santoyo

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-7667

Mexico

Technological Institute of Celaya

Department of Industrial Engineering

Israel Miguel-Andrés

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9433-7864

Mexico

Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas

José Alfredo Jiménez-García

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-4855

Mexico

Technological Institute of Celaya

Department of Industrial Engineering

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Accepted: 2025-12-10

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Published: 2026-01-27

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2026.24883