Re-animando la comunicación política: una revisión histórica de la animación en China y Japón

Ainhoa Jiménez-Arranz

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3682

Spain

Universidad de Valladolid image/svg+xml

Ainhoa Jiménez-Arranz es investigadora predoctoral en la Universidad de Valladolid. Graduada en Periodismo (UVa) y con un máster en Comunicación y Relaciones Internacionales por la Universidad Camilo José Cela, desarrolla su tesis doctoral sobre las nuevas estrategias de comunicación en China y Japón, en el marco de un contrato FPU23. Su investigación se centra en la diplomacia cultural, el poder blando y la marca país. Sus líneas de estudio incluyen industrias culturales, medios de comunicación, nuevos líderes de opinión, desinformación y polarización en el contexto internacional. Forma parte del GIR Nuevas Tendencias en Comunicación (NUTECO).

|

Aceptado: 15-02-2026

|

Publicado: 28-04-2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/caa.2026.24634
Datos de financiación

Descargas

Palabras clave:

China, Japón, Donghua, Anime, Comunicación Política, Diplomacia Cultural

Agencias de apoyo:

Universidad de Valladolid

Ministerio de Universidades

Programa de Formación del Profesorado Universitario (FPU23)

Resumen:

El final del XX ha transformando la proyección exterior de los Estados, alejándose del poder coercitivo en favor del poder blando que destaca su atractivo cultural. En este contexto, la diplomacia cultural emerge como un pilar clave de las relaciones internacionales.  

Este fenómeno se vincula desde sus inicios con Japón y el anime, a través de su estrategia Cool Japan, a la que progresivamente se han sumado otros países asiáticos, como China con sus Main Melody Films. Así, la animación se ha transformado en un vehículo de influencia internacional y una herramienta clave de comunicación política.

Este artículo realiza una revisión histórica de la industria de la animación en China y Japón, con el objetivo de establecer las sinergias entre su evolución y los intereses políticos de cada país. A través del análisis de casos paradigmáticos, se pretende evaluar el poder la animación como herramienta de comunicación política.

Ver más Ver menos

Citas:

AMANO, Ikuho, 2014. “From mourning to allegory: Post-3.11 Space Battleship Yamato in motion”, en Japan Forum, vol. 26, nº 3, pp. 325-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2014.915868

ASHBAUGH, William, 2010. “Contesting Traumatic War Narratives: Space Battleship Yamato and Mobile Gundam”, en David C. Stahl y Mark Williams (eds.), Imag(in)ing the War in Japan: Representing and Responding to Trauma in Postwar Literature and Film. Boston, MA: Brill, pp. 327-353.

ASSOCIATION OF JAPANESE ANIMATIONS (AJA), 2024. Anime Industry Report 2024. Tokyo: AJA. Disponible en https://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data

BAN, Toshio y TEZUKA PRODUCTIONS, 2016 [1992]. The Osamu Tezuka Story. A Life in Manga and Anime, trad. Frederik L. Schodt. Berkeley: Stone Bridge Press. (Tezuka Osamu Monogatari, Tokio: Asahi Shinbunsha).

BIRLEA, Oana-Maria, 2023. “Soft Power: ‘Cute Culture’, a persuasive strategy in Japanese Advertising”, en Trames, vol. 27, nº 3, pp. 311-324. https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2023.3.07

BOBROWSKA, Olga, 2019. “Seeking Truth in Facts: Historicizing Animation”, en BRUCKNER, GILIĆ, LANG, SULJIĆ y TURKOVIĆ (eds.), Global Animation Theory: International Perspectives at Animafest Zagreb. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 61-82.

BOBROWSKA, Olga, 2023. Chinese Animated Film and Ideology, 1940s-1970s: Fighting Puppets. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

BONILLO FERNÁNDEZ, Claudia, 2019. “¿Japón, el país del anime? El despertar de China y Taiwán como las nuevas potencias animadas”, en Análisis y Pensamiento Iberoamericano sobre China. Jiexi Zhongguo, vol. 33, pp. 61-67.

BUKH, Alexander, 2014. “Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power”, en Asian Perspective, vol. 38, nº 3, pp. 461-485. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2014.0019

CHENG, Shaopeng, 2022. The New Generation in Chinese Animation. London-New York: Bloomsbury Academic.

CHENG, Tang y WAN, Laiming, 1961-1964. Havoc in Heaven. China: Shanghai Animation Film Studio.

CHENG, Tang y YUNDA, Qian, 1965. The Heroic Sisters of the Grasslands. China: Shanghai Animation Film Studio.

CLEMENTS, Jonathan y IP, Barry, 2012. “The Shadow Staff: Japanese Animators in the Tōhō Aviation Education Materials Production Office 1939-1945”, en Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 7, nº 2, pp. 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847712438137

DU, Daisy Yan, 2017. “Suspended animation: The Wan Brothers and the (In)animate Mainland-Hong Kong Encounter, 1947-1956”, en Journal of Chinese Cinemas, vol. 12, nº 2, pp. 140-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2017.1322783

FLEURY, Jean Sénat, 2023 [2023]. Primera guerra sino-japonesa (1894-1895). [s.l.]: Ediciones Nuestro Conocimiento (Première guerre sino-japonaise (1894-1895), [s.l.]: Éditions universitaires européennes).

FLEW, Terry, 2016. “Entertainment media, cultural power, and post-globalization: The case of China’s international media expansion and the discourse of soft power”, en Global Media and China, vol. 1, nº 4, pp. 278-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436416662037

GOU, Li, 2019. “Review of Animated Encounters: Transnational Movements of Chinese Animation, 1940s-1970s, by Daisy Yan Du”, en China Review International, vol. 26, nº 4, pp. 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1353/cri.2019.0055

GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN, 2022. National Security Strategy, en Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 16 de diciembre de 2022. https://www.mofa.go.jp/fp/nsp/page1we_000081.html [Acceso: septiembre, 2025].

HORNO LÓPEZ, Antonio, 2022. “Una nueva generación del anime (2000-2020). Evolución, expansión y progreso técnico en la animación japonesa actual”, en Human Review: International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades, vol. 11, monográfico, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4195

HU, Tingting, GE, Liang, y WANG, Cathy Yue, 2024. “A state against boys’ love? Reviewing the trajectory of censorship over danmei”, en Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, vol. 38, nº 2, pp. 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2024.2357335

HU, Tze-yue G., 2010. Frames of Anime. Culture and Image Building. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

HU, Tze-yue G., 2013. “Reflections on the Wan Brothers’ Letter to Japan. The Making of Princess Iron Fan”, en YOKOTA y HU (eds.), Japanese Animation. East Asian Perspectives. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 59-78.

IWABUCHI, Koichi, 2015. “Pop-culture diplomacy in Japan: Soft power, nation branding and the question of ‘international cultural exchange’”, en International Journal of Cultural Policy, vol. 21, nº 4, pp. 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1042469.

KAWASHIMA, Nobuko, 2018. “‘Cool Japan’ and Creative Industries: An Evaluation of Economic Policies for Popular Culture Industries in Japan”, en KAWASHIMA, Nobuko y LEE, HyeKyung (eds.), Asian Cultural Flows: Cultural Policies, Creative Industries, and Media Consumers. Singapore: Springer, pp. 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0147-5_2.

KIM, Joon Yang, 2013. “Animated Interracial Romantic Fantasies. Japanese Male and Non-Japanese Female Characters”, en YOKOTA y HU (eds.), Japanese Animation. East Asian Perspectives. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 297-298.

KOH, Dong-Yeon, 2013. “Growing Up with Astro Boy and Mazinger Z. Industrialization, ‘High-Tech World’, and Japanese Animation in the Art and Culture of South Korea”, en YOKOTA y HU (eds.), Japanese Animation. East Asian Perspectives. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 145-181.

LI, Ting, 2021. “Study on the Development of Chinese Animated Films in the New Era”, en The 5th International Conference on Art Studies: Research, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2021), vol. 1, pp. 162–166. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048557240/ICASSEE.2021.023.

LI, Yawei, 2021. “The Application of Chinese Cultural Elements in Animation and Film Creation”, en The 4th International Conference on Arts, Linguistics, Literature and Humanities (ICALLH 2021), pp. 170-174. https://doi.org/10.25236/icallh.2021.039.

MACDONALD, Sean, 2016. Animation in China: history, aesthetics, media. New York: Routledge.

MAGPANTAY, Andre, 2023. “‘Asia for Asians’: Revisiting Pan-Asianism through the Propaganda Arts of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”, en Manusya: Journal of Humanities, vol. 26, nº 1, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1163/26659077-26010015

MATSUMOTO, Leiji, y NISHIZAKI, Yoshinobu, 1974. Uchuu Senkan Yamato. Japón: Academy Productions.

MOCHINAGA, Noriko, 2022. “Chapter 1 Mochinaga Tadahito in Early Socialist China”, en STEMBER y CHEN (trads.), Chinese Animation and Socialism. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004499607_003

MIYAMOTO, Junji, SHIMIZU, Akira, HAYASHI, Junya y CHEAH, Isaac, 2023. “Revisiting ‘Cool Japan’ in country-of-origin research: a commentary and future research directions”, en Asian Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, vol. 35, nº 9, pp. 2251-2265. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-07-2022-0596

NISHIDA, Kitarō, 2019. “El principio del nuevo orden mundial”, en Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder, vol. 10, nº 2, pp. 323-329. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/geop.66405

NYE, Joseph S., 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.

RAYNER, Jonathan, 2019. “Forever Being Yamato: Alternative Pacific War Histories in Japanese Film and Anime”, en MORGAN y PALMER-PANTEL (eds.), Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction. Liverpool University Press, pp. 62-77.

OTMAZGIN, Nissim Kadosh, 2012. “Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan’s Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy in Asia”, en Asia-Pacific Review, vol. 19, nº 1, pp. 37-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2012.678629

SCHODT, Frederik L., 2007. The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka, Mighty Atom, and the Manga/Anime Revolution. Berkeley: Stone Bridge Press.

SEO, Mitsuyo, 1945. Momotarô: Umi no Shinpei. Japón: Shôchiku.

SUN, Hongmei, 2018. Transforming Monkey. Adaptation and representation of a Chinese epic. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

SUN, Peng, 2018. “Primary Exploration on the Differentiation of the Animation Industry Models of China, Japan and America in the Context of the Two-dimensional Culture”, en Advance in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, vol. 289, pp. 655-658. https://doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-18.2018.140

TAKEKAWA, Shunichi, 2012. “Fusing Nationalisms in Postwar Japan: The Battleship Yamato and Popular Culture”, en EJCJS, vol. 12, nº 3. Disponible en https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjs/vol12/iss3/takekawa.html

TEZUKA, Osamu, 1963. Astro Boy. Japón: Mushi Production.

TSUGATA, Nobuyuki, 2013. “A Bipolar Approach to Understanding the History of Japanese Animation”, en YOKOTA y HU (eds.), Japanese Animation. East Asian Perspectives. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 45-55.

WAN, Guchan y WAN, Laiming, 1941. Princess Iron Fan. China: Shanghai Animation Film Studio.

WANG, Shuchen, XU, Jingda y YAN, Dingxian, 1979. Nezha Conquers the Dragon King. China: Shanghai Animation Film Studio.

WATANABE, Yasushi, 2013. “The Japanese Walt Disney”, trad. al inglés Sheuo Hui Gan, en YOKOTA y HU (eds.), Japanese Animation. East Asian Perspectives. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 141-159.

WEI, Yuan, PERUMAL, Vimala, y SITHARAN, Roopesh, 2022. “Analysis of Chinese Animation Movies and Its Impact on Cultural Identity”, en Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 2nd International Conference on Creative Multimedia 2022 (ICCM 2022), pp. 222–234. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2494069-57-2_24

XIE, Ying, 2020. “The Patriotism and the Heroism Embedded in the Subtitles of Chinese-English Movies: The Mission of ‘Main Melody’ Films”, en International Journal of Comparative Literature & Translation Studies, vol. 8, nº 3, pp. 34-38. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.8n.3p.34

XU, Xiaying, y SCHIRATO, Tony, 2015. “Chinese creative industries, soft power and censorship. The case of animation”, en Communications, Politics & Culture, vol. 48, nº 2, pp. 24-43.

YABUSHITA, Taiji, 1958. Hakujaden. Japón: Toei Company.

YANG, Yanling, 2016. “Film Policy, the Chinese Government and Soft Power”, en New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film, vol. 14, nº 1, pp. 71-91.

YOKOTA, Masao, 2013. “Some Thoughts on the Research Essays and Commentary”, en YOKOTA y HU (eds.), Japanese Animation. East Asian Perspectives. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 35-43.

ZHAN, Feifei, 2023. “Persistent Girl as National Propaganda: Storytelling and the Emulation of Ethnic Model in Heroic Little Sister of the Grassland”, en Women’s Studies, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2023.2220132

Ver más Ver menos